Introduction
Male infertility is a widespread medical condition affecting millions of couples globally. It contributes to approximately half of all infertility cases, yet remains underdiagnosed due to cultural stigma and limited awareness. Andrology provides the scientific foundation necessary to understand the complex causes of male infertility and implement effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Etiology of Male Infertility
The causes of male infertility are multifactorial and may be classified into pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular factors. Hormonal disorders, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, infections, testicular trauma, environmental toxins, and lifestyle-related factors such as smoking, alcohol use, obesity, and chronic stress significantly impair sperm production and quality.
Diagnostic Evaluation
The diagnostic process begins with a detailed medical and reproductive history, erotic sense, followed by physical examination and semen analysis. Advanced diagnostic tools include hormonal assays, genetic testing, scrotal ultrasonography, and sperm DNA fragmentation analysis. These investigations allow precise identification of underlying pathologies.
Treatment Strategies
Treatment is individualized and may include hormonal therapy, surgical correction, lifestyle modification, antioxidant supplementation, or assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization. Andrology prioritizes restoring natural fertility when possible while supporting assisted methods when necessary.
Conclusion
Male infertility is frequently treatable with appropriate andrological care. Early diagnosis and targeted treatment significantly improve reproductive success and patient well-being.